Germany on Stamps: Two German East Africa Occupation Postcards

New 10ct Postcards from belgian occupation of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi) at World War I.


Novos Postais de 10ct da ocupação belga na África Oriental Alemã (Ruanda-Urundi) durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial.

1916 - 10ct Postcards  // 1916 - Postais de 10ct

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Stamps of France: Chenonceau Castle

CHENONCEAU CASTLE

The "Château de Chenonceau" (Chenonceau Castle) is a manor house near the small village of Chenonceaux, in the Indre-et-Loire, département of the Loire Valley, in France. It was built on the site of an old mill on the River Cher, sometime before its first mention in writing in the 11th century. The current manor was designed by the French Renaissance architect Philibert Delorme.

Built in 1513 by Katherine Briçonnet, embellished by Diane de Poitiers and Catherine de Medici, saved during the French Revolution by Louise Dupin, it is also called the Ladies Castle.

Furnished castle, it's decorated with rare tapestries and old paintings, flowers in every season, set with several ornamental gardens, a park and a vineyard.

The castle is the subject of a classification as a subject of historical monuments in the list of 1840. The park is subject to a classification as a historic monument since November 7, 1962.

An architectural mixture of late Gothic and early Renaissance, Château de Chenonceau and its gardens are open to the public. Other than the Royal Palace of Versailles, Chenonceau is the most visited château in France.

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Stamps of France: Charles Gounod

 CHARLES GOUNOD

(17 June 1818 – 17 October 1893)

Charles-François Gounod was born in Paris and died in Saint-Cloud, France. He was a French composer, known for his "Ave Maria" as well as his operas "Faust" and "Roméo et Juliette". Perhaps his most well-known piece in modern times, however, is his "Funeral March of a Marionette", known as the theme song for the television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

In 1839, he won the Prix de Rome for his cantata "Fernand". In 1951, Gounod wrote his first opera, "Sapho". In 1854, Gounod completed a "Messe Solennelle", also known as the Saint Cecilia Mass. During 1855 Gounod wrote two symphonies. His "Symphony No. 1 in D major" was the inspiration for the "Symphony in C" composed later that year by Georges Bizet, who was then Gounod's 17-year-old student.

He had no great theatrical success until "Faust", in 1859. The romantic and melodious "Roméo et Juliette" (based on the Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet), premiered in 1867, is revived occasionally then but has never come close to matching Faust's popularity. "Mireille", first performed in 1864, has been admired by connoisseurs rather than by the general public. The other Gounod operas have fallen into oblivion.

From 1870 to 1874 Gounod lived in England, and becoming the first conductor of what is now the Royal Choral Society. "The Well-Tempered Clavier" inspired Gounod to devise an improvisation of a melody over the C major Prelude (BWV 846). To this melody, in 1859, Gounod fitted the words of the Ave Maria, resulting in a setting that became world-famous. Later in his life, Gounod returned to his early religious impulses, writing much sacred music.

He was made a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur in July 1888. In 1893, shortly after he had put the finishing touches to a requiem written for his grandson, he died of a stroke.

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Germany On Stamps: Upper Silesia Pages

New pages from theme "German Empire after Treaty of Versailles. This time the Upper Silésia stamps, letters and Postcards pages.

The Pages 

 Novas páginas do tema "O Império Alemão após o Tratado de Versalhes". Desta vez as páginas de Selos, Cartas e Postais da Alta Silésia.

As Páginas

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Germany on Stamps: Upper Silesia History

UPPER SILESIA HISTORY

Upper Silesia is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia. The region is situated on the upper Oder River, north of the Eastern Sudetes mountain range and the Moravian Gate, which form the southern border with the historic Moravia region. Within the adjacent Silesian Beskids to the east, the Vistula River rises and turns eastwards; the Biała and Przemsza tributaries mark the eastern border with Lesser Poland. In the north, Upper Silesia borders on Greater Poland and in the west on the Lower Silesian lands, the adjacent region around Wrocław also referred to as Middle Silesia.

It is currently split into a larger Polish and the smaller Czech Silesian part, which is located within the Czech regions of Moravian-Silesia and Olomouc. The Polish Upper Silesian territory covers most of the Opole Voivodeship ("Opole Silesia"), except for the Lower Silesian counties of Brzeg and Namysłów, and the Silesian Voivodeship, except for the Lesser Polish counties of Będzin, Bielsko (eastern part), Częstochowa with the city of Częstochowa, Kłobuck, Myszków, Zawiercie and Żywiec as well as the cities of Dąbrowa Górnicza, Jaworzno and Sosnowice.

History

Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of the Great Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of the Habsburg Monarchy from 1526.

Upon the death of the Jagiellonian king Louis II in 1526, the Bohemian crown lands were inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg.

In the 16th century, large parts of Silesia had turned Protestant. After the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, the Catholic Emperors of the Habsburg dynasty forcibly re-introduced Catholicism, led by the Jesuits.

Lower Silesia and most of Upper Silesia were occupied by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742 during the First Silesian War and annexed by the terms of the Treaty of Breslau (Wroclaw). A small part south of the Opava River remained within the Habsburg-ruled Bohemian Crown as the "Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia", colloquially called Austrian Silesia. Incorporated into the Prussian Silesia Province from 1815, Upper Silesia became an industrial area taking advantage of its plentiful coal and iron ore. Prussian Upper Silesia became a part of the German Empire in 1871.

After World War I, in 1919, the eastern part of Prussian Upper Silesia (with a majority of ethnic Poles) came under Polish rule as the Silesian Voivodeship, while the mostly German-speaking western part remained part of the German Reich as the newly established Upper Silesia Province.

From 1919-1921 three Silesian Uprisings occurred among the Polish-speaking populace of Upper Silesia.

In the Upper Silesia plebiscite of March 1921, a majority voted against merging with Poland, with clear lines dividing Polish and German communities. On June 20, Germany ceded, de facto, the eastern parts of Upper Silesia, becoming part of Silesian Voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic.

After 1945, almost all of Upper Silesia that was not ceded to Poland in 1922 was transferred to the Republic of Poland.

A majority of the German-speaking population was expelled in accordance with the decision of the victorious Allied powers at their 1945 meeting at Potsdam. This expulsion program also included German speaking inhabitants of Lower Silesia, eastern Pomerania, Gdańsk (Danzig), and East Prussia. The German expellees were transported to the present day Germany (including the former East Germany), and they were replaced with Poles, many from former Polish provinces taken over by the USSR in the east.

With the fall of communism and Poland joining the European Union, there were enough of these remaining in Upper Silesia to allow for the recognition of the German minority in Poland by the Polish government.

Upper Silesia Plebiscite

After the First World War, Poland laid claim to Upper Silesia, which had been part of Prussia. The Treaty of Versailles had recommended a plebiscite in Upper Silesia to determine whether the territory should become part of Germany or Poland.

Complaints about the attitude of the German authorities led to rioting and eventually to the first of two Silesian Uprisings.

A plebiscite took place on 20 March 1921, with 59.6 percent of the votes cast in favour of joining Germany. Poland claimed the conditions surrounding it had been unfair. This result led to the Third Silesian Uprising in 1921.

On 12 August 1921, the League was asked to settle the matter. The committee recommended that Upper Silesia be divided between Poland and Germany according to the preferences shown in the plebiscite and that the two sides should decide the details of the interaction between the two areas – for example, whether goods should pass freely over the border due to the economic and industrial interdependency of the two areas.

In November 1921, a conference was held in Geneva to negotiate a convention between Germany and Poland. A final settlement was reached, after five meetings, in which most of the area was given to Germany, but with the Polish section containing the majority of the region's mineral resources and much of its industry.

The exact border, the maintenance of cross-border railway traffic and other necessary co-operations, as well as equal rights for all inhabitants in both parts of Upper Silesia, were all fixed by the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia, signed in Geneva on May 15, 1922.

When this agreement became public in May 1922, bitter resentment was expressed in Germany, but the treaty was still ratified by both countries. The settlement produced peace in the area until the beginning of the Second World War.

It is currently split into a larger Polish and the smaller Czech Silesian part, which is located within the Czech regions of Moravia-Silesia and Olomouc. The Polish Upper Silesian territory covers most of the Opole Voivodeship ("Opole Silesia"), except for the Lower Silesian counties of Brzeg and Namysłów, and the Silesian Voivodeship, except for the Lesser Polish counties of Będzin, Bielsko (eastern part), Częstochowa with the city of Częstochowa, Kłobuck, Myszków, Zawiercie and Żywiec as well as the cities of Dąbrowa Górnicza, Jaworzno and Sosnowice.

Divided Cieszyn Silesia as well as former Austrian Silesia is historical parts of Upper Silesia.

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German Empire after Treaty of Versailles: General History

WORLD'S CHANGES AFTER WWI

The fighting in World War I ended in Western Europe when the Armistice took effect at 11:00 am GMT on November 11, 1918, and in Eastern Europe by the early 1920s. During and in the aftermath of the war, the political, cultural, and social order was drastically changed in Europe, Asia and Africa, even outside the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideologies took a firm hold in people's minds.

Blockade of Germany

Throughout the period from the armistice on November 11, 1918 until the signing of the peace treaty with Germany on June 28, 1919, the Allies maintained the naval blockade of Germany that had begun during the war. As Germany was dependent on imports, it is estimated that 523,000 civilians had lost their lives during the war, and a quarter-million more died from disease or starvation in this eight month period.

The terms of the Armistice did allow food to be shipped into Germany, but the Allies required that Germany provide the ships. The German government was required to use its gold reserves, being unable to secure a loan from the United States.

The blockade was not lifted until early July 1919 when the Treaty of Versailles was signed by most of the combatant nations.

Treaty of Versailles

After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, between Germany on the one side and France, Italy, Britain and other minor allied powers on the other side, officially ended war between those countries. Other treaties ended the belligerent relationships of the United States and the other Central Powers.

Included in the 440 articles of Treaty of Versailles were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay heavy economic reparations. This treaty drastically limited the German military machine: the German troops were reduced to 100,000 and the country was prevented from possessing major military armament such as tanks, warships, and submarines.

Economic and Geopolitical consequences

There were some general consequences from the creation of a large number of new small states in Eastern Europe as a result of the dissolution of the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and (a little earlier) Ottoman empires, and the regional disturbance of the Russian Civil War. Internally these new states tended to have substantial ethnic minorities, which wished to unite with neighbouring states where their ethnicity dominated.

The League of Nations sponsored various Minority Treaties in an attempt to deal with the problem, but with the decline of the League in the 1930s these treaties became increasingly unenforceable. One consequence of the massive redrawing of borders and the political changes in the aftermath of World War I was the large number of European refugees.

Economic and military cooperation amongst these small states was minimal ensuring that the defeated powers of Germany and the Soviet Union retained a latent capacity to dominate the region. In the immediate aftermath of the war, defeat drove cooperation between Germany and the Soviet Union but ultimately these two powers would compete to dominate Eastern Europe.

What's changed in Germany after WWI

In Germany, there was a socialist revolution which led to the brief establishment of a number of communist political systems in (mainly urban) parts of the country, the abdication of the Kaiser, and the creation of the Weimar Republic.

On 28 June 1919, Germany, which was not allowed representation, was not present to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was forced to pay 132 billion marks ($31.5 billion, 6.6 billion pounds) in reparations (a very large amount for its day which was finally paid off in October, 2010). It was followed by the Inflation in the Weimar Republic, a period of hyperinflation in Germany between 1921 and 1923. On December 1922 the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default, and on 11 January 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr until 1925.

Germany saw relatively small amounts of territory transferred to Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium, a larger amount to France and the greatest portion as part of re-established Poland.

Germany's overseas colonies were divided amongst a number of Allied countries. It was the loss of territory that now constituted part of Poland that caused by far the greatest resentment. Nazi propaganda would feed on a general German view that the treaty was unfair—many Germans never accepted the treaty as legitimate, and later gave their political support to Adolf Hitler, who was arguably the first national politician to both speak out and take action against the treaty's conditions.

Territorial gains and losses after World War I

Nations that gained territory:

• Yugoslavia (as the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia);


• Romania, Greece, France, Italy, Denmark, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and United Kingdom, with League of Nations Mandates;


• Japan.

Nations that lost territory:

• Germany – forced to give it up after the Treaty of Versailles;


• Weimar Germany (as the successor state of the German Empire);


• China – Jiaozhou Bay and most of Shandong in North China forcibly ceded to the Japanese Empire;


• Russian SFSR (as the successor state of the Russian Empire);


• Austria (as the successor state of Cisleithania and the Austro-Hungarian Empire);


• Hungary (as the successor state of Transleithania and the Austro-Hungarian Empire);


• Turkey (as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire);


• Bulgaria;


• United Kingdom – most of Ireland as the Irish Free State.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.

Although the armistice signed on 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty.

Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept sole responsibility for causing the war and, under the terms of articles 231–248 (later known as the War Guilt clauses), to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. The total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks (then $31.4 billion, £6.6 billion) in 1921.

CONTENT

Impositions on Germany

Legal restrictions

• Article 227 charges former German Emperor, Wilhelm II, with supreme offense against international morality. He is to be tried as a war criminal.


• Articles 228–230 tried many other Germans as war criminals.


• Article 231 (the "War Guilt Clause") lays sole responsibility for the war on Germany, which is to be accountable for all damage to civilian populations of the Allies.

Military restrictions

Part V of the treaty begins with the preamble: "In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the military, naval and air clauses which follow...".

Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form a larger Nation to make up for the lost land.

• The Rhineland will become a demilitarized zone administered by Great Britain and France jointly.


• German armed forces will number no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription will be abolished.


• Enlisted men will be retained for at least 12 years; officers to be retained for at least 25 years.


• German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 6 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines are to be included.


• The manufacture, import and export of weapons and poison gas are prohibited.


• Armed aircraft, tanks and armoured cars are prohibited.


• Blockades on ships are prohibited.


• Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns and rifles.

Territorial changes

Germany's borders in 1919 had been established nearly a half-century earlier, at the country's official establishment in 1871. Territory and cities in the region had changed hands repeatedly for centuries, including at various times being owned by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden, Kingdom of Poland, and Kingdom of Lithuania. However, Germany laid claim to lands and cities that it viewed as historically "Germanic" centuries before Germany's establishment as a country in 1871. Other countries disputed Germany's claim to this territory. In the peace treaty, Germany agreed to return disputed lands and cities to various countries.

Germany was compelled to yield control of its colonies, and would also lose a number of European territories.

The province of West Prussia would be ceded to the restored Poland, thereby granting it access to the Baltic Sea via the "Polish Corridor" which Prussia had annexed in the Partitions of Poland. This turned East Prussia into an exclave, separated from mainland Germany.

• Alsace and much of Lorraine, both originally German-speaking territories, were part of France, having been annexed by France's King Louis XIV who desired the Rhine as a natural border. After approximately two centuries of French rule, Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine were ceded to Germany in 1871 under the Treaty of Frankfurt. In 1919 both regions were returned to France.


• Northern Schleswig was returned to Denmark following a plebiscite on 14 February 1920. Central Schleswig, including the city of Flensburg, opted to remain German in a separate referendum on 14 March 1920.


• Most of the Prussian provinces of Province of Posen (now Poznan) and of West Prussia which Prussia had annexed in the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795) were ceded to Poland without a plebiscite. Most of the Province of Posen had already come under Polish control during the Great Polish Uprising of 1918–1919.


• The Hultschin area of Upper Silesia was transferred to Czechoslovakia without a plebiscite.


• The eastern part of Upper Silesia was assigned to Poland, despite the Upper Silesia plebiscite resulting in 717,122 votes being cast for Germany and 483,514 for Poland.


• The area of the towns Eupen and Malmedy went to Belgium despite a plebiscite to the contrary. The Vennbahn railway was also transferred to Belgium.


• The area of Soldau in East Prussia, an important railway junction on the Warsaw-Danzig route, was transferred to Poland without a plebiscite.


• The northern part of East Prussia known as the Memelland or Memel Territory was placed under the control of France and was later annexed by Lithuania.


• From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia, after the East Prussian plebiscite a small area was ceded to Poland.


• The province of Saarland was to be a under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a plebiscite between France and Germany, was to decide to which country it would belong. During this time, coal would be sent to France.


• The strategically important port of Danzig with the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea was separated from Germany as the Freie Stadt Danzig (Free City of Danzig). This created the so-called Polish Corridor, giving Poland access to the sea.


• Austria was forbidden from merging with Germany.


• In article 22, German Colonies were divided between Belgium, the United Kingdom, and certain British Dominions, France, and Japan with the determination not to see any of them returned to Germany — a guarantee secured by Article 119.

In Africa, Britain and France divided German Kamerun (Cameroons) and Togoland. Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa. Great Britain obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the 'missing link' in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo). Portugal received the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa. German South West Africa was mandated to the Union of South Africa.

In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany's islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands, the Carolines, the Marianas and the Palau Islands) and Kiauchau in China.

German Samoa was assigned to New Zealand. German New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru to Australia as mandatory.

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